Eliminate ONE_PLY

Simplification that eliminates ONE_PLY, based on a suggestion in the forum that
support for fractional plies has never been used, and @mcostalba's openness to
the idea of eliminating it. We lose a little bit of type safety by making Depth
an integer, but in return we simplify the code in search.cpp quite significantly.

No functional change

------------------------------------------

The argument favoring eliminating ONE_PLY:

* The term “ONE_PLY” comes up in a lot of forum posts (474 to date)
https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!searchin/fishcooking/ONE_PLY%7Csort:relevance

* There is occasionally a commit that breaks invariance of the code
with respect to ONE_PLY
https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!searchin/fishcooking/ONE_PLY%7Csort:date/fishcooking/ZIPdYj6k0fk/KdNGcPWeBgAJ

* To prevent such commits, there is a Travis CI hack that doubles ONE_PLY
and rechecks bench

* Sustaining ONE_PLY has, alas, not resulted in any improvements to the
  engine, despite many individuals testing many experiments over 5 years.

The strongest argument in favor of preserving ONE_PLY comes from @locutus:
“If we use par example ONE_PLY=256 the parameter space is increases by the
factor 256. So it seems very unlikely that the optimal setting is in the
subspace of ONE_PLY=1.”

There is a strong theoretical impediment to fractional depth systems: the
transposition table uses depth to determine when a stored result is good
enough to supply an answer for a current search. If you have fractional
depths, then different pathways to the position can be at fractionally
different depths.

In the end, there are three separate times when a proposal to remove ONE_PLY
was defeated by the suggestion to “give it a few more months.” So… it seems
like time to remove this distraction from the community.

See the pull request here:
https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/2289

src/thread.cpp

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ void ThreadPool::start_thinking(Position& pos, StateListPtr& states,
   for (Thread* th : *this)
   {
       th->shuffleExts = th->nodes = th->tbHits = th->nmpMinPly = 0;
-      th->rootDepth = th->completedDepth = DEPTH_ZERO;
+      th->rootDepth = th->completedDepth = 0;
       th->rootMoves = rootMoves;
       th->rootPos.set(pos.fen(), pos.is_chess960(), &setupStates->back(), th);
   }