Disallow same option being added twice

Now exits during startup.

```
./stockfish
Stockfish dev-20250202-243c7c6a by the Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
x1,5,0,10,0.5,0.0020
Option: "x1" was already added!
```

i.e. prevents and helps debug this case

```cpp
int x1 = 5;

TUNE(x1);
TUNE(x1);
```

closes https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/5847

No functional change

src/engine.cpp

@@ -59,57 +59,83 @@ Engine::Engine(std::optional<std::string> path) :
         NN::NetworkSmall({EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, "None", ""}, NN::EmbeddedNNUEType::SMALL))) {
     pos.set(StartFEN, false, &states->back());
 
-    options["Debug Log File"] << Option("", [](const Option& o) {
-        start_logger(o);
-        return std::nullopt;
-    });
 
-    options["NumaPolicy"] << Option("auto", [this](const Option& o) {
-        set_numa_config_from_option(o);
-        return numa_config_information_as_string() + "\n"
-             + thread_allocation_information_as_string();
-    });
+    options.add(  //
+      "Debug Log File", Option("", [](const Option& o) {
+          start_logger(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
 
-    options["Threads"] << Option(1, 1, 1024, [this](const Option&) {
-        resize_threads();
-        return thread_allocation_information_as_string();
-    });
+    options.add(  //
+      "NumaPolicy", Option("auto", [this](const Option& o) {
+          set_numa_config_from_option(o);
+          return numa_config_information_as_string() + "\n"
+               + thread_allocation_information_as_string();
+      }));
 
-    options["Hash"] << Option(16, 1, MaxHashMB, [this](const Option& o) {
-        set_tt_size(o);
-        return std::nullopt;
-    });
+    options.add(  //
+      "Threads", Option(1, 1, 1024, [this](const Option&) {
+          resize_threads();
+          return thread_allocation_information_as_string();
+      }));
 
-    options["Clear Hash"] << Option([this](const Option&) {
-        search_clear();
-        return std::nullopt;
-    });
-    options["Ponder"] << Option(false);
-    options["MultiPV"] << Option(1, 1, MAX_MOVES);
-    options["Skill Level"] << Option(20, 0, 20);
-    options["Move Overhead"] << Option(10, 0, 5000);
-    options["nodestime"] << Option(0, 0, 10000);
-    options["UCI_Chess960"] << Option(false);
-    options["UCI_LimitStrength"] << Option(false);
-    options["UCI_Elo"] << Option(Stockfish::Search::Skill::LowestElo,
-                                 Stockfish::Search::Skill::LowestElo,
-                                 Stockfish::Search::Skill::HighestElo);
-    options["UCI_ShowWDL"] << Option(false);
-    options["SyzygyPath"] << Option("", [](const Option& o) {
-        Tablebases::init(o);
-        return std::nullopt;
-    });
-    options["SyzygyProbeDepth"] << Option(1, 1, 100);
-    options["Syzygy50MoveRule"] << Option(true);
-    options["SyzygyProbeLimit"] << Option(7, 0, 7);
-    options["EvalFile"] << Option(EvalFileDefaultNameBig, [this](const Option& o) {
-        load_big_network(o);
-        return std::nullopt;
-    });
-    options["EvalFileSmall"] << Option(EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, [this](const Option& o) {
-        load_small_network(o);
-        return std::nullopt;
-    });
+    options.add(  //
+      "Hash", Option(16, 1, MaxHashMB, [this](const Option& o) {
+          set_tt_size(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Clear Hash", Option([this](const Option&) {
+          search_clear();
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "Ponder", Option(false));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "MultiPV", Option(1, 1, MAX_MOVES));
+
+    options.add("Skill Level", Option(20, 0, 20));
+
+    options.add("Move Overhead", Option(10, 0, 5000));
+
+    options.add("nodestime", Option(0, 0, 10000));
+
+    options.add("UCI_Chess960", Option(false));
+
+    options.add("UCI_LimitStrength", Option(false));
+
+    options.add("UCI_Elo",
+                Option(Stockfish::Search::Skill::LowestElo, Stockfish::Search::Skill::LowestElo,
+                       Stockfish::Search::Skill::HighestElo));
+
+    options.add("UCI_ShowWDL", Option(false));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "SyzygyPath", Option("", [](const Option& o) {
+          Tablebases::init(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add("SyzygyProbeDepth", Option(1, 1, 100));
+
+    options.add("Syzygy50MoveRule", Option(true));
+
+    options.add("SyzygyProbeLimit", Option(7, 0, 7));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "EvalFile", Option(EvalFileDefaultNameBig, [this](const Option& o) {
+          load_big_network(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
+
+    options.add(  //
+      "EvalFileSmall", Option(EvalFileDefaultNameSmall, [this](const Option& o) {
+          load_small_network(o);
+          return std::nullopt;
+      }));
 
     load_networks();
     resize_threads();
@@ -340,5 +366,4 @@ std::string Engine::thread_allocation_information_as_string() const {
 
     return ss.str();
 }
-
 }

src/tune.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ void Tune::make_option(OptionsMap* opts, const string& n, int v, const SetRange&
     if (TuneResults.count(n))
         v = TuneResults[n];
 
-    (*opts)[n] << Option(v, r(v).first, r(v).second, on_tune);
+    opts->add(n, Option(v, r(v).first, r(v).second, on_tune));
     LastOption = &((*opts)[n]);
 
     // Print formatted parameters, ready to be copy-pasted in Fishtest

src/ucioption.cpp

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cctype>
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <utility>
@@ -57,17 +58,31 @@ void OptionsMap::setoption(std::istringstream& is) {
         sync_cout << "No such option: " << name << sync_endl;
 }
 
-Option OptionsMap::operator[](const std::string& name) const {
+const Option& OptionsMap::operator[](const std::string& name) const {
     auto it = options_map.find(name);
-    return it != options_map.end() ? it->second : Option(this);
+    assert(it != options_map.end());
+    return it->second;
 }
 
-Option& OptionsMap::operator[](const std::string& name) {
+// Inits options and assigns idx in the correct printing order
+void OptionsMap::add(const std::string& name, const Option& option) {
     if (!options_map.count(name))
-        options_map[name] = Option(this);
-    return options_map[name];
+    {
+        static size_t insert_order = 0;
+
+        options_map[name] = option;
+
+        options_map[name].parent = this;
+        options_map[name].idx    = insert_order++;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        std::cerr << "Option \"" << name << "\" was already added!" << std::endl;
+        std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
 }
 
+
 std::size_t OptionsMap::count(const std::string& name) const { return options_map.count(name); }
 
 Option::Option(const OptionsMap* map) :
@@ -130,19 +145,6 @@ bool Option::operator==(const char* s) const {
 bool Option::operator!=(const char* s) const { return !(*this == s); }
 
 
-// Inits options and assigns idx in the correct printing order
-
-void Option::operator<<(const Option& o) {
-
-    static size_t insert_order = 0;
-
-    auto p = this->parent;
-    *this  = o;
-
-    this->parent = p;
-    idx          = insert_order++;
-}
-
 // Updates currentValue and triggers on_change() action. It's up to
 // the GUI to check for option's limits, but we could receive the new value
 // from the user by console window, so let's check the bounds anyway.
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ Option& Option::operator=(const std::string& v) {
         std::string        token;
         std::istringstream ss(defaultValue);
         while (ss >> token)
-            comboMap[token] << Option();
+            comboMap.add(token, Option());
         if (!comboMap.count(v) || v == "var")
             return *this;
     }

src/ucioption.h

@@ -54,12 +54,13 @@ class Option {
 
     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const OptionsMap&);
 
+    int operator<<(const Option&) = delete;
+
    private:
     friend class OptionsMap;
     friend class Engine;
     friend class Tune;
 
-    void operator<<(const Option&);
 
     std::string       defaultValue, currentValue, type;
     int               min, max;
@@ -82,8 +83,9 @@ class OptionsMap {
 
     void setoption(std::istringstream&);
 
-    Option  operator[](const std::string&) const;
-    Option& operator[](const std::string&);
+    const Option& operator[](const std::string&) const;
+
+    void add(const std::string&, const Option& option);
 
     std::size_t count(const std::string&) const;