Non-linear bonus for pawn count

This patch introduces a non-linear bonus for pawns, along with some
(linear) corrections for the other pieces types.

The original values were obtained by a massive non-linear tuning of both
pawns and other pieces by GuardianRM, while Alain Savard and Chris Cain
later simplified the patch by observing that, apart from the pawn case, the
tuned corrections were in fact almost affine and could be incorporated in
our current code base via the piece values in types.h (offset) and the diagonal
of the quadratic matrix (slope). See discussion in PR#1725 :
https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/1725

STC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,5.00]
Total: 42948 W: 9662 L: 9317 D: 23969
http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/5b6ff6e60ebc5902bdba1d87

LTC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,5.00]
Total: 19683 W: 3409 L: 3206 D: 13068
http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/5b702dbd0ebc5902bdba216b

How to continue from there?
- Maybe the non-linearity for the pawn value could be somewhat tempered
  again and a simpler linear correction for pawns would work?

Closes https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/pull/1734

Bench: 4681496

AUTHORS

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ Gian-Carlo Pascutto (gcp)
 Gontran Lemaire (gonlem)
 Goodkov Vasiliy Aleksandrovich (goodkov)
 Gregor Cramer
+GuardianRM
 Günther Demetz (pb00067, pb00068)
 Guy Vreuls (gvreuls)
 Henri Wiechers